THE WEALTH OF NATIONS · BOOK 1

제7장 상품의 자연가격과 시장가격

한국어 번역을 먼저 읽고, 각 문단 아래에서 애덤 스미스의 영문 원문을 펼쳐 확인할 수 있습니다.

전체 목차 서론 1장 2장 3장 4장 5장 6장 7장 8장 9장 10장 11장

WN-B01-C07-P001

한국어 번역

모든 사회나 지역에는 노동과 자본의 각 용도마다 통상적 또는 평균적인 임금률과 이윤율이 있다. 이 비율은 사회의 부유함·빈곤함과 성장·정체·쇠퇴 상태, 그리고 각 직업의 성격에 의해 조절된다. 모든 사회나 지역에는 통상적 또는 평균적인 지대율도 있으며, 지역의 일반적 사정과 토지의 자연적 또는 개량된 비옥도에 의해 조절된다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

There is in every society or neighbourhood an ordinary or average rate, both of wages and profit, in every different employment of labour and stock. This rate is naturally regulated, as I shall shew hereafter, partly by the general circumstances of the society, their riches or poverty, their advancing, stationary, or declining condition, and partly by the particular nature of each employment.

WN-B01-C07-P002

한국어 번역

이 통상적 또는 평균적 비율을 그 시대와 장소의 임금·이윤·지대의 자연율이라고 부를 수 있다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

There is likewise in every society or neighbourhood an ordinary or average rate of rent, which is regulated, too, as I shall shew hereafter, partly by the general circumstances of the society or neighbourhood in which the land is situated, and partly by the natural or improved fertility of the land.

WN-B01-C07-P003

한국어 번역

상품가격이 토지지대·노동임금·생산·가공·운송에 쓰인 자본이윤을 각각 자연율로 지급하기에 꼭 충분하다면 그 상품은 자연가격에 팔린다고 할 수 있다. 그 상품은 정확히 그 가치, 곧 시장에 가져온 사람에게 실제로 든 비용에 팔린다. 통상 원가는 재판매자의 이윤을 포함하지 않지만 지역의 통상 이윤을 얻지 못하는 가격에 팔면 다른 용도에서 얻을 수 있었던 이윤을 잃으므로 손해이다. 이윤은 판매자의 수입이자 생계의 재원이다. 그는 노동자에게 임금과 생계를 선지급하듯 자신에게도 예상 이윤에 맞는 생계를 선지급한다. 이윤을 얻지 못하면 상품은 실제 비용을 보상하지 못한다. 이윤을 남기는 가격이 언제나 일시적으로 팔 수 있는 최저가격은 아니지만, 완전한 자유가 있는 곳에서 상당 기간 계속 팔 수 있는 최저가격이다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

These ordinary or average rates may be called the natural rates of wages, profit and rent, at the time and place in which they commonly prevail.

WN-B01-C07-P004

한국어 번역

상품이 실제로 보통 팔리는 가격을 시장가격이라 한다. 시장가격은 자연가격보다 높거나 낮거나 같을 수 있다. 시장가격은 실제 공급량과 자연가격, 곧 지대·노동·이윤의 전액을 지급하려는 사람들의 수요 사이의 비율에 따라 결정된다. 이들을 유효수요자, 그 수요를 유효수요라 할 수 있다. 유효수요는 절대수요와 다르다. 매우 가난한 사람이 여섯 필 말이 끄는 마차를 원할 수 있지만 그 욕구를 위해 상품이 시장에 공급될 수 없으므로 유효수요는 아니다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

When the price of any commodity is neither more nor less than what is sufficient to pay the rent of the land, the wages of the labour, and the profits of the stock employed in raising, preparing, and bringing it to market, according to their natural rates, the commodity is then sold for what may be called its natural price.

WN-B01-C07-P005

한국어 번역

시장 공급량이 유효수요보다 적으면 자연가격 전액을 지급하려는 사람 모두가 원하는 양을 얻지 못한다. 일부는 아예 얻지 못하기보다 더 많은 값을 내려고 한다. 곧 경쟁이 시작되고 부족 규모, 경쟁자의 부와 사치, 상품의 중요성에 따라 시장가격이 자연가격보다 더 높이 오른다. 도시가 봉쇄되거나 기근이 들 때 생활필수품 가격이 지나치게 오르는 이유가 이것이다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

The commodity is then sold precisely for what it is worth, or for what it really costs the person who brings it to market; for though, in common language, what is called the prime cost of any commodity does not comprehend the profit of the person who is to sell it again, yet, if he sells it at a price which does not allow him the ordinary rate of profit in his neighbourhood, he is evidently a loser by the trade; since, by employing his stock in some other way, he might have made that profit. His profit, besides, is his revenue, the proper fund of his subsistence. As, while he is preparing and bringing the goods to market, he advances to his workmen their wages, or their subsistence; so he advances to himself, in the same manner, his own subsistence, which is generally suitable to the profit which he may reasonably expect from the sale of his goods. Unless they yield him this profit, therefore, they do not repay him what they may very properly be said to have really cost him.

WN-B01-C07-P006

한국어 번역

시장 공급량이 유효수요를 넘으면 전부를 자연가격 전액을 지급하려는 사람에게 팔 수 없다. 일부는 더 적게 내는 사람에게 팔아야 하고 그 낮은 가격이 전체 가격을 내린다. 시장가격이 자연가격 아래로 떨어지는 정도는 초과량이 판매자 경쟁을 얼마나 키우는지, 상품을 즉시 처분해야 하는지가 얼마나 중요한지에 달려 있다. 오렌지 같은 부패성 상품은 고철보다 경쟁이 더 심하다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

Though the price, therefore, which leaves him this profit, is not always the lowest at which a dealer may sometimes sell his goods, it is the lowest at which he is likely to sell them for any considerable time; at least where there is perfect liberty, or where he may change his trade as often as he pleases.

WN-B01-C07-P007

한국어 번역

공급량이 유효수요를 정확히 충족하면 시장가격은 자연가격과 같거나 가장 가깝게 된다. 전량을 그 가격에 팔 수 있지만 더 높게는 팔 수 없으며 판매자 경쟁은 그 가격을 받아들이게 한다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

The actual price at which any commodity is commonly sold, is called its market price. It may either be above, or below, or exactly the same with its natural price.

WN-B01-C07-P008

한국어 번역

시장 공급량은 자연스럽게 유효수요에 맞추어진다. 생산자는 공급이 수요를 넘지 않기를 바라며 다른 사람들은 공급이 수요보다 부족하지 않기를 바란다. 공급이 유효수요를 넘으면 가격 구성부분 일부가 자연율보다 낮게 지급된다. 지대가 낮아지면 지주는 토지를 빼고, 임금이나 이윤이 낮아지면 노동자와 고용주는 노동이나 자본을 그 용도에서 뺀다. 시장 공급량은 곧 유효수요를 충족할 정도로 줄고 각 가격 부분과 전체 가격은 자연율과 자연가격으로 오른다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

The market price of every particular commodity is regulated by the proportion between the quantity which is actually brought to market, and the demand of those who are willing to pay the natural price of the commodity, or the whole value of the rent, labour, and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither. Such people may be called the effectual demanders, and their demand the effectual demand; since it maybe sufficient to effectuate the bringing of the commodity to market. It is different from the absolute demand. A very poor man may be said, in some sense, to have a demand for a coach and six; he might like to have it; but his demand is not an effectual demand, as the commodity can never be brought to market in order to satisfy it.

WN-B01-C07-P009

한국어 번역

반대로 공급이 유효수요보다 적으면 가격 구성부분 일부가 자연율보다 높아진다. 지주·노동자·상인은 더 많은 토지·노동·자본을 그 상품 생산에 투입한다. 공급량은 곧 유효수요를 충족하고 각 가격 부분과 전체 가격은 자연율과 자연가격으로 내려간다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

When the quantity of any commodity which is brought to market falls short of the effectual demand, all those who are willing to pay the whole value of the rent, wages, and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither, cannot be supplied with the quantity which they want. Rather than want it altogether, some of them will be willing to give more. A competition will immediately begin among them, and the market price will rise more or less above the natural price, according as either the greatness of the deficiency, or the wealth and wanton luxury of the competitors, happen to animate more or less the eagerness of the competition. Among competitors of equal wealth and luxury, the same deficiency will generally occasion a more or less eager competition, according as the acquisition of the commodity happens to be of more or less importance to them. Hence the exorbitant price of the necessaries of life during the blockade of a town, or in a famine.

WN-B01-C07-P010

한국어 번역

자연가격은 모든 상품가격이 계속 끌려가는 중심가격과 같다. 우연한 사정이 가격을 위나 아래에 머물게 해도 결국 그 중심을 향한다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

When the quantity brought to market exceeds the effectual demand, it cannot be all sold to those who are willing to pay the whole value of the rent, wages, and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither. Some part must be sold to those who are willing to pay less, and the low price which they give for it must reduce the price of the whole. The market price will sink more or less below the natural price, according as the greatness of the excess increases more or less the competition of the sellers, or according as it happens to be more or less important to them to get immediately rid of the commodity. The same excess in the importation of perishable, will occasion a much greater competition than in that of durable commodities; in the importation of oranges, for example, than in that of old iron.

WN-B01-C07-P011

한국어 번역

상품을 시장에 공급하는 연간 산업량도 유효수요를 넘지도 모자라지도 않을 정확한 양을 공급하려는 방향으로 조정된다. 어떤 산업은 같은 노동량으로 해마다 생산량이 크게 다르지만 다른 산업은 같거나 거의 같다. 농업은 곡물·포도주·기름·홉 생산량이 해마다 다르지만 방적·직조는 거의 같은 양을 생산한다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

When the quantity brought to market is just sufficient to supply the effectual demand, and no more, the market price naturally comes to be either exactly, or as nearly as can be judged of, the same with the natural price. The whole quantity upon hand can be disposed of for this price, and can not be disposed of for more. The competition of the different dealers obliges them all to accept of this price, but does not oblige them to accept of less.

WN-B01-C07-P012

한국어 번역

농업은 평균 생산량만 유효수요에 맞출 수 있으며 실제 생산량은 평균보다 훨씬 많거나 적을 수 있어 공급도 수요를 크게 넘거나 모자란다. 수요가 같아도 그 시장가격은 자연가격보다 크게 오르내린다. 반면 생산량이 안정적인 산업은 유효수요에 더 정확히 맞출 수 있다. 수요가 같으면 그 상품의 시장가격도 자연가격과 같거나 가깝게 유지된다. 아마포와 모직물 가격이 곡물보다 덜 자주, 덜 크게 변하는 것은 경험으로 알 수 있다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

The quantity of every commodity brought to market naturally suits itself to the effectual demand. It is the interest of all those who employ their land, labour, or stock, in bringing any commodity to market, that the quantity never should exceed the effectual demand; and it is the interest of all other people that it never should fall short of that demand.

WN-B01-C07-P013

한국어 번역

한 종류의 상품가격은 수요 변화에만 따라 변하지만 다른 종류는 수요와 시장 공급량의 더 크고 잦은 변화에 함께 따라 변한다. 일시적인 시장가격 변동은 주로 임금과 이윤 부분에 영향을 주며 지대 부분은 덜 영향을 받는다. 일정한 화폐지대는 비율과 가치 모두 거의 영향을 받지 않는다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

If at any time it exceeds the effectual demand, some of the component parts of its price must be paid below their natural rate. If it is rent, the interest of the landlords will immediately prompt them to withdraw a part of their land; and if it is wages or profit, the interest of the labourers in the one case, and of their employers in the other, will prompt them to withdraw a part of their labour or stock, from this employment. The quantity brought to market will soon be no more than sufficient to supply the effectual demand. All the different parts of its price will rise to their natural rate, and the whole price to its natural price.

WN-B01-C07-P014

한국어 번역

현물 생산물의 일정 비율이나 양으로 정한 지대는 그 생산물의 시장가격 변동에 따라 연간 가치는 달라지지만 지대율은 거의 달라지지 않는다. 임대차에서는 일시가격보다 평균가격에 맞춘다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

If, on the contrary, the quantity brought to market should at any time fall short of the effectual demand, some of the component parts of its price must rise above their natural rate. If it is rent, the interest of all other landlords will naturally prompt them to prepare more land for the raising of this commodity; if it is wages or profit, the interest of all other labourers and dealers will soon prompt them to employ more labour and stock in preparing and bringing it to market. The quantity brought thither will soon be sufficient to supply the effectual demand. All the different parts of its price will soon sink to their natural rate, and the whole price to its natural price.

WN-B01-C07-P015

한국어 번역

변동은 상품이나 노동의 과잉·부족에 따라 임금과 이윤의 가치와 비율을 바꾼다. 공적 상복 기간에는 검은 천 가격과 보유 상인의 이윤이 오르지만 직조공 임금에는 영향이 없다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

The natural price, therefore, is, as it were, the central price, to which the prices of all commodities are continually gravitating. Different accidents may sometimes keep them suspended a good deal above it, and sometimes force them down even somewhat below it. But whatever may be the obstacles which hinder them from settling in this centre of repose and continuance, they are constantly tending towards it.

WN-B01-C07-P016

한국어 번역

여기서는 상품은 부족하지만 노동은 부족하지 않다. 반면 재단 노동이 부족해 직공 재단사의 임금은 오른다. 색 비단과 천의 수요는 줄어 보유 상인의 이윤은 내려간다. 그 상품을 만드는 노동자의 임금도 내려간다. 이 경우 시장에는 상품과 노동이 모두 과잉이다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

The whole quantity of industry annually employed in order to bring any commodity to market, naturally suits itself in this manner to the effectual demand. It naturally aims at bringing always that precise quantity thither which may be sufficient to supply, and no more than supply, that demand.

WN-B01-C07-P017

한국어 번역

시장가격은 자연가격을 향하지만 특별한 사고·자연적 원인·정책 규제가 오랫동안 자연가격보다 높게 유지할 수 있다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

But, in some employments, the same quantity of industry will, in different years, produce very different quantities of commodities; while, in others, it will produce always the same, or very nearly the same. The same number of labourers in husbandry will, in different years, produce very different quantities of corn, wine, oil, hops, etc. But the same number of spinners or weavers will every year produce the same, or very nearly the same, quantity of linen and woollen cloth. It is only the average produce of the one species of industry which can be suited, in any respect, to the effectual demand; and as its actual produce is frequently much greater, and frequently much less, than its average produce, the quantity of the commodities brought to market will sometimes exceed a good deal, and sometimes fall short a good deal, of the effectual demand. Even though that demand, therefore, should continue always the same, their market price will be liable to great fluctuations, will sometimes fall a good deal below, and sometimes rise a good deal above, their natural price. In the other species of industry, the produce of equal quantities of labour being always the same, or very nearly the same, it can be more exactly suited to the effectual demand. While that demand continues the same, therefore, the market price of the commodities is likely to do so too, and to be either altogether, or as nearly as can be judged of, the same with the natural price. That the price of linen and woollen cloth is liable neither to such frequent, nor to such great variations, as the price of corn, every man’s experience will inform him. The price of the one species of commodities varies only with the variations in the demand; that of the other varies not only with the variations in the demand, but with the much greater, and more frequent, variations in the quantity of what is brought to market, in order to supply that demand.

WN-B01-C07-P018

한국어 번역

유효수요 증가로 어떤 상품의 시장가격이 크게 오르면 그 시장에 자본을 쓰는 사람들은 대체로 이 변화를 숨기려 한다. 널리 알려지면 높은 이윤에 이끌린 경쟁자가 들어와 수요를 충족하고 가격을 자연가격 또는 그 아래로 내릴 것이다. 시장이 멀리 있으면 비밀을 여러 해 유지할 수도 있다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

The occasional and temporary fluctuations in the market price of any commodity fall chiefly upon those parts of its price which resolve themselves into wages and profit. That part which resolves itself into rent is less affected by them. A rent certain in money is not in the least affected by them, either in its rate or in its value. A rent which consists either in a certain proportion, or in a certain quantity, of the rude produce, is no doubt affected in its yearly value by all the occasional and temporary fluctuations in the market price of that rude produce; but it is seldom affected by them in its yearly rate. In settling the terms of the lease, the landlord and farmer endeavour, according to their best judgment, to adjust that rate, not to the temporary and occasional, but to the average and ordinary price of the produce.

WN-B01-C07-P019

한국어 번역

그러나 이런 상업상의 비밀은 오래 유지되기 어려우며 초과이윤도 비밀보다 오래 지속되지 못한다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

Such fluctuations affect both the value and the rate, either of wages or of profit, according as the market happens to be either overstocked or understocked with commodities or with labour, with work done, or with work to be done. A public mourning raises the price of black cloth (with which the market is almost always understocked upon such occasions), and augments the profits of the merchants who possess any considerable quantity of it. It has no effect upon the wages of the weavers. The market is understocked with commodities, not with labour, with work done, not with work to be done. It raises the wages of journeymen tailors. The market is here understocked with labour. There is an effectual demand for more labour, for more work to be done, than can be had. It sinks the price of coloured silks and cloths, and thereby reduces the profits of the merchants who have any considerable quantity of them upon hand. It sinks, too, the wages of the workmen employed in preparing such commodities, for which all demand is stopped for six months, perhaps for a twelvemonth. The market is here overstocked both with commodities and with labour.

WN-B01-C07-P020

한국어 번역

제조상의 비밀은 상업상의 비밀보다 오래 유지될 수 있다. 값싼 재료로 특정 색을 만드는 염색업자는 평생 그 이점을 누리고 후손에게 남길 수 있다. 그 초과수입은 개인 노동에 지급되는 높은 임금이다. 하지만 그 수입이 자본의 모든 부분에서 반복되고 총액이 자본과 비례하므로 흔히 자본의 초과이윤으로 여겨진다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

But though the market price of every particular commodity is in this manner continually gravitating, if one may say so, towards the natural price; yet sometimes particular accidents, sometimes natural causes, and sometimes particular regulations of policy, may, in many commodities, keep up the market price, for a long time together, a good deal above the natural price.

WN-B01-C07-P021

한국어 번역

이런 시장가격 상승은 특별한 사고의 효과이며 때로 여러 해 지속될 수 있다. 어떤 자연 생산물은 특별한 토양과 입지를 요구하여 한 나라의 적합한 토지 전부로도 유효수요를 충족하지 못할 수 있다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

When, by an increase in the effectual demand, the market price of some particular commodity happens to rise a good deal above the natural price, those who employ their stocks in supplying that market, are generally careful to conceal this change. If it was commonly known, their great profit would tempt so many new rivals to employ their stocks in the same way, that, the effectual demand being fully supplied, the market price would soon be reduced to the natural price, and, perhaps, for some time even below it. If the market is at a great distance from the residence of those who supply it, they may sometimes be able to keep the secret for several years together, and may so long enjoy their extraordinary profits without any new rivals. Secrets of this kind, however, it must be acknowledged, can seldom be long kept; and the extraordinary profit can last very little longer than they are kept.

WN-B01-C07-P022

한국어 번역

따라서 전량을 자연율의 지대·임금·이윤보다 더 많은 값을 내는 사람에게 팔 수 있다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

Secrets in manufactures are capable of being longer kept than secrets in trade. A dyer who has found the means of producing a particular colour with materials which cost only half the price of those commonly made use of, may, with good management, enjoy the advantage of his discovery as long as he lives, and even leave it as a legacy to his posterity. His extraordinary gains arise from the high price which is paid for his private labour. They properly consist in the high wages of that labour. But as they are repeated upon every part of his stock, and as their whole amount bears, upon that account, a regular proportion to it, they are commonly considered as extraordinary profits of stock.

WN-B01-C07-P023

한국어 번역

그 상품은 수세기 동안 높은 가격에 팔릴 수 있고, 특히 지대 부분이 자연율보다 높게 지급된다. 특별한 프랑스 포도원의 지대는 인근의 같은 비옥도 토지 지대와 일정한 비례를 이루지 않는다. 반면 그 상품을 시장에 내는 노동임금과 자본이윤은 주변의 다른 노동과 자본의 자연적 비율에서 크게 벗어나지 않는다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

Such enhancements of the market price are evidently the effects of particular accidents, of which, however, the operation may sometimes last for many years together.

WN-B01-C07-P024

한국어 번역

이런 가격 상승은 유효수요가 영원히 완전히 충족되지 못하게 하는 자연적 원인에서 생기므로 영구히 지속될 수 있다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

Some natural productions require such a singularity of soil and situation, that all the land in a great country, which is fit for producing them, may not be sufficient to supply the effectual demand. The whole quantity brought to market, therefore, may be disposed of to those who are willing to give more than what is sufficient to pay the rent of the land which produced them, together with the wages of the labour and the profits of the stock which were employed in preparing and bringing them to market, according to their natural rates. Such commodities may continue for whole centuries together to be sold at this high price; and that part of it which resolves itself into the rent of land, is in this case the part which is generally paid above its natural rate. The rent of the land which affords such singular and esteemed productions, like the rent of some vineyards in France of a peculiarly happy soil and situation, bears no regular proportion to the rent of other equally fertile and equally well cultivated land in its neighbourhood. The wages of the labour, and the profits of the stock employed in bringing such commodities to market, on the contrary, are seldom out of their natural proportion to those of the other employments of labour and stock in their neighbourhood.

WN-B01-C07-P025

한국어 번역

개인이나 회사에 부여한 독점도 상업·제조상의 비밀과 같은 효과를 낸다. 독점자는 공급을 부족하게 유지하여 자연가격보다 훨씬 비싸게 팔고 임금이나 이윤을 자연율보다 크게 높인다. 독점가격은 언제나 얻을 수 있는 최고가격이다. 자유경쟁의 자연가격은 상당 기간 판매자가 사업을 계속하며 받을 수 있는 최저가격이다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

Such enhancements of the market price are evidently the effect of natural causes, which may hinder the effectual demand from ever being fully supplied, and which may continue, therefore, to operate for ever.

WN-B01-C07-P026

한국어 번역

동업조합의 배타적 특권, 도제법, 특정 직업의 경쟁자를 제한하는 법률도 정도는 덜하지만 같은 경향을 가진다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

A monopoly granted either to an individual or to a trading company, has the same effect as a secret in trade or manufactures. The monopolists, by keeping the market constantly understocked by never fully supplying the effectual demand, sell their commodities much above the natural price, and raise their emoluments, whether they consist in wages or profit, greatly above their natural rate.

WN-B01-C07-P027

한국어 번역

이들은 확대된 독점과 같아서 여러 세기 동안 특정 상품의 시장가격과 관련 임금·이윤을 자연율보다 높게 유지할 수 있다. 그 가격 상승은 그것을 낳은 정책 규제가 지속되는 동안 계속될 수 있다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

The price of monopoly is upon every occasion the highest which can be got. The natural price, or the price of free competition, on the contrary, is the lowest which can be taken, not upon every occasion indeed, but for any considerable time together. The one is upon every occasion the highest which can be squeezed out of the buyers, or which it is supposed they will consent to give; the other is the lowest which the sellers can commonly afford to take, and at the same time continue their business.

WN-B01-C07-P028

한국어 번역

시장가격은 자연가격보다 오래 높게 유지될 수 있지만 오래 낮게 유지되기는 어렵다. 자연율보다 낮게 지급받는 사람은 토지·노동·자본을 빼므로 공급은 곧 유효수요 수준으로 줄어든다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

The exclusive privileges of corporations, statutes of apprenticeship, and all those laws which restrain in particular employments, the competition to a smaller number than might otherwise go into them, have the same tendency, though in a less degree. They are a sort of enlarged monopolies, and may frequently, for ages together, and in whole classes of employments, keep up the market price of particular commodities above the natural price, and maintain both the wages of the labour and the profits of the stock employed about them somewhat above their natural rate.

WN-B01-C07-P029

한국어 번역

따라서 완전한 자유가 있는 곳에서는 시장가격이 곧 자연가격으로 오른다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

Such enhancements of the market price may last as long as the regulations of policy which give occasion to them.

WN-B01-C07-P030

한국어 번역

경기가 좋을 때 임금을 자연율보다 높이게 한 도제법과 조합법은 산업이 쇠퇴할 때 노동자가 다른 직업으로 옮기는 것을 막아 임금을 자연율보다 크게 낮추기도 한다. 그러나 임금을 자연율 아래로 낮추는 효과는 위로 높이는 효과보다 오래가지 않는다. 기존 노동자가 사라지면 새로 진입하는 사람 수가 유효수요에 맞추어진다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

The market price of any particular commodity, though it may continue long above, can seldom continue long below, its natural price. Whatever part of it was paid below the natural rate, the persons whose interest it affected would immediately feel the loss, and would immediately withdraw either so much land or so much labour, or so much stock, from being employed about it, that the quantity brought to market would soon be no more than sufficient to supply the effectual demand. Its market price, therefore, would soon rise to the natural price; this at least would be the case where there was perfect liberty.

WN-B01-C07-P031

한국어 번역

여러 세대 동안 임금이나 이윤을 자연율 아래로 낮추려면 종교적 원리로 아버지의 직업을 강제한 인도나 고대 이집트만큼 강압적인 정책이 필요하다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

The same statutes of apprenticeship and other corporation laws, indeed, which, when a manufacture is in prosperity, enable the workman to raise his wages a good deal above their natural rate, sometimes oblige him, when it decays, to let them down a good deal below it. As in the one case they exclude many people from his employment, so in the other they exclude him from many employments. The effect of such regulations, however, is not near so durable in sinking the workman’s wages below, as in raising them above their natural rate. Their operation in the one way may endure for many centuries, but in the other it can last no longer than the lives of some of the workmen who were bred to the business in the time of its prosperity. When they are gone, the number of those who are afterwards educated to the trade will naturally suit itself to the effectual demand. The policy must be as violent as that of Indostan or ancient Egypt (where every man was bound by a principle of religion to follow the occupation of his father, and was supposed to commit the most horrid sacrilege if he changed it for another), which can in any particular employment, and for several generations together, sink either the wages of labour or the profits of stock below their natural rate.

WN-B01-C07-P032

한국어 번역

상품 시장가격이 자연가격에서 일시적 또는 지속적으로 벗어나는 현상에 관해 지금 필요한 설명은 이것이 전부다. 자연가격도 임금·이윤·지대의 자연율과 함께 변하며, 이 비율은 사회의 부·빈곤과 성장·정체·쇠퇴 상태에 따라 달라진다. 다음 네 장에서 그 원인을 설명한다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

This is all that I think necessary to be observed at present concerning the deviations, whether occasional or permanent, of the market price of commodities from the natural price.

WN-B01-C07-P033

한국어 번역

첫째, 임금률을 자연스럽게 정하는 사정과 그것이 사회의 부와 상태에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 설명한다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

The natural price itself varies with the natural rate of each of its component parts, of wages, profit, and rent; and in every society this rate varies according to their circumstances, according to their riches or poverty, their advancing, stationary, or declining condition. I shall, in the four following chapters, endeavour to explain, as fully and distinctly as I can, the causes of those different variations.

WN-B01-C07-P034

한국어 번역

둘째, 이윤율을 자연스럽게 정하는 사정과 그것이 사회 상태의 변화에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 설명한다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

First, I shall endeavour to explain what are the circumstances which naturally determine the rate of wages, and in what manner those circumstances are affected by the riches or poverty, by the advancing, stationary, or declining state of the society.

WN-B01-C07-P035

한국어 번역

직업별 화폐임금과 이윤은 다르지만 서로 일정한 비율이 형성된다. 그 비율은 직업의 성격과 사회의 법·정책에 일부 달려 있다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

Secondly, I shall endeavour to shew what are the circumstances which naturally determine the rate of profit; and in what manner, too, those circumstances are affected by the like variations in the state of the society.

WN-B01-C07-P036

한국어 번역

이 비율은 법과 정책의 영향을 받지만 사회의 부·빈곤이나 성장·정체·쇠퇴에는 비교적 덜 영향을 받아 여러 상태에서 거의 같게 유지된다. 셋째로 이를 조절하는 사정을 설명한다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

Though pecuniary wages and profit are very different in the different employments of labour and stock; yet a certain proportion seems commonly to take place between both the pecuniary wages in all the different employments of labour, and the pecuniary profits in all the different employments of stock. This proportion, it will appear hereafter, depends partly upon the nature of the different employments, and partly upon the different laws and policy of the society in which they are carried on. But though in many respects dependent upon the laws and policy, this proportion seems to be little affected by the riches or poverty of that society, by its advancing, stationary, or declining condition, but to remain the same, or very nearly the same, in all those different states. I shall, in the third place, endeavour to explain all the different circumstances which regulate this proportion.

WN-B01-C07-P037

한국어 번역

넷째이자 마지막으로 토지지대를 조절하고 토지 생산물의 실제 가격을 높이거나 낮추는 사정을 설명한다.

ENGLISH ORIGINAL 영문 원문 펼치기·접기

Original

In the fourth and last place, I shall endeavour to shew what are the circumstances which regulate the rent of land, and which either raise or lower the real price of all the different substances which it produces.